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steve kPSA, the largest of the grading companies, seems to keep their grading procedures as secretive as the Manhattan Project. PSA, a few months ago, made a five minute video about their grading operations which really showed almost absolutely nothing. The top three grading companies are good at authentication - they get that right which is of the utmost importance. As for the rest, I use their grading as a guideline, and for the most part it is a good guideline, but as has been stated many times, "buy the card not the holder." Maybe one of the "leaders" of these grading companies will see your post and step forward and answer some of your questions.